羌緬語群

羌緬語群
	東部藏緬語群
	（提議中）
地理分佈	中國、緬甸
譜系學分類	漢藏語系藏緬語族羌緬語群; ;
分支	緬彝語支羌語支
	–
Glottolog	burm1265

羌緬語群，或稱東部藏緬語群，是藏緬語族一個假設性的分支，主要分佈在中國西南部和緬甸，由緬彝語支和羌語支系組成，包括已滅絕的西夏語。

分類[編輯]

向柏霖與米可(Jacques & Michaud 2011)^[2]假設漢藏語系藏緬語族存在緬羌語支，其下含羌語群和緬彝語群。相似地，大衛·布拉德利(Bradley 2008)^[3]也假設了東藏緬語支，其下含緬語群和羌語群。布拉德利注意到，緬彝語群和羌語支雖然有着不同的形態，但它們共享某些獨特的詞彙。所有緬彝語群語言都是分析語、有聲調，但所有羌語支語言都是黏着語。納語支的具體分類地位不明，邱富元(Lama 2012)認為其屬於緬彝語群，而向柏霖與米可(2011)和大衛·布拉德利(Bradley 2008)則將其劃為羌語支。

孫宏開(Sun 1988)也將羌語支和緬彝語群放在一塊。

向柏霖與米可(Jacques & Michaud 2011)的系統發生樹如下。

緬羌語支

緬彝語群

	緬語支

	彝語支

納‑羌語群

	納語支

	羌語支

	爾蘇語群

布拉德利(Bradley 2008)的分類方案則如下。注意布拉德利將緬彝語群稱作「緬語群」，不要與緬語支混淆。

東部藏緬語支

緬彝語群

	緬語支

	彝語支

羌語群

齊卡佳(Chirkova 2012)^[4]則懷疑羌語支不是個有效的分類單元，認為爾蘇語、史興語、納木依語和普米語均屬於一個羌語語言聯盟。此問題的詳細討論見余平祥 (Yu 2012)。^[5]

李延珠與沙加爾(Lee & Sagart 2008)^[6]認為白語也屬於藏緬語族，借用了大量的上古漢語詞彙。他們注意到與稻米、豬和農業有關的詞彙是非漢語來源的，白語中的非漢語層次與原始彝語有相似性。

分支[編輯]

余平祥(2012:206-207)^[5]列出了可能可納入羌緬語群的語支（個別語言以「斜體」標示），按從北到南的地理順序排列。

另外，現代消亡的西夏語常被納入羌語支。

余平祥(Yu 2012:215-218)^[5]指出爾蘇語支和納語支（英語：Naish languages）可能合為一個語群，因為它們彼此共享許多在緬彝語或其他羌語支語言中沒有的特徵。

詞彙證據[編輯]

向柏霖與米可 (Jacques & Michaud2011) ^[9] ^[10]將以下詞項列為羌緬語群可能的詞彙創新。

Gloss	嘉絨語	西夏語	納語	原始納語	緬甸語	阿昌語	哈尼語
是	ŋu	ŋwu²	ŋi˩˧	?	hnang²	-	ŋɯ˧˩
星	ʑŋgri	gjịj¹	kɯ˥	*kri	kray²	k^hʐə˥	a˧˩gɯ˥
忘	jmɯt	mjɨ̣²	mv̩.p^hæ^L+MH	*mi	me¹	ɲi˧˥	ɲi˥
生病	ngo < *ngaŋ	ŋo²	gu˩	*go	-	-	-
燧石	ʁdɯrtsa	-	tse.mi^H	*tsa	-	-	-
躲	nɤtsɯ	-	tsɯ˥ (納西語)	*tsu	-	-	-
吞	mqlaʁ	-	ʁv̩˥	NqU < Nqak	-	-	-
乾	spɯ	-	pv̩˧	*Spu	-	-	-
厚	jaʁ	laa¹	lo˧˥	*laC₂	-	-	-
跳	mtsaʁ	-	ts^ho˧	*ts^haC₂	-	-	-
冬	qartsɯ	tsur¹	ts^hi˥	*ts^hu	c^hoŋ³	tɕ^hɔŋ˧˩	ts^hɔ˧˩ga̱˧
膝	tə-mŋɑ (Situ)	ŋwer²	ŋwɤ.ko^H	*ŋwa	-	-	-
太陽	ʁmbɣi	be²	bi˧ (納西語)	*bi	-	-	-

參見[編輯]

白狼語

參考資料[編輯]

Bradley, David. 1997. "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification". In D. Bradley (Ed.), Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas (Papers in South East Asian linguistics No. 14) pp. 1–71, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 978-0-85883-456-9 ISBN 978-0-85883-456-9.
Bradley, David. 2008. The Position of Namuyi in Tibeto-Burman. Paper presented at Workshop on Namuyi, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, 2008.
Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages^{[永久失效連結]}." Diachronica 28:468-498.
Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012), Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages, thesis, University of Texas at Arlington (archived)
Sūn, Hóngkāi 孫宏開. 1988. Shilun woguo jingnei Zang-Mianyude puxi fenlei 試論我國境內藏緬語的譜系分類. (A classification of Tibeto-Burman languages in China). In: Tatsuo Nishida and Paul Kazuhisa Eguchi (eds.), Languages and history in East Asia: festschrift for Tatsuo Nishida on the occasion of his 60th birthday 61-73. Kyoto: Shokado.
李永燧 1998. 羌緬語群爭議.《民族語文》1998 年第 1 期.
孫宏開 2001. 論藏緬語族中的羌語支語言. Language and Linguistics 2.1:157-181.

外部連結[編輯]

Burmo-Qiangic （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）（漢藏支部項目）

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Burmo-Qiangic. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
^ Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages^{[永久失效連結]}." Diachronica 28:468–498.
^ Bradley, David. 2008. The Position of Namuyi in Tibeto-Burman. Paper presented at Workshop on Namuyi, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, 2008.
^ Chirkova, Katia (2012). "The Qiangic Subgroup from an Areal Perspective: A Case Study of Languages of Muli （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）." In Languages and Linguistics 13(1):133-170. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Yu, Dominic. 2012. Proto-Ersuic （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, Department of Linguistics.
^ Lee, Y.-J., & Sagart, L. (2008). No limits to borrowing: The case of Bai and Chinese （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Diachronica, 25(3), 357–385.
^ Chirkova, Ekaterina. 2008. On the Position of Baima within Tibetan: A Look from Basic Vocabulary. Alexander Lubotsky, Jos Schaeken and Jeroen Wiedenhof. Rodopi, pp.23, 2008, Evidence and counter-evidence: Festschrift F. Kortlandt. <halshs-00104311>
^ Gong Xun (2015). How Old is the Chinese in Bái? Reexamining Sino-Bái under the Baxter-Sagart reconstruction （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Paper presented at the Recent Advances in Old Chinese Historical Phonology workshop, SOAS, London.
^ Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages^{[永久失效連結]}." Diachronica 28:468–498.
^ Jacques & Michaud (2011), appendix p.7

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Burmo-Qiangic. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.

[JM11-2] Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages^{[永久失效連結]}." Diachronica 28:468–498.

[3] Bradley, David. 2008. The Position of Namuyi in Tibeto-Burman. Paper presented at Workshop on Namuyi, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, 2008.

[Chirkova2012-4] Chirkova, Katia (2012). "The Qiangic Subgroup from an Areal Perspective: A Case Study of Languages of Muli （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）." In Languages and Linguistics 13(1):133-170. Taipei: Academia Sinica.

[Yu2012-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Yu, Dominic. 2012. Proto-Ersuic （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, Department of Linguistics.

[6] Lee, Y.-J., & Sagart, L. (2008). No limits to borrowing: The case of Bai and Chinese （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Diachronica, 25(3), 357–385.

[Chirkova-7] Chirkova, Ekaterina. 2008. On the Position of Baima within Tibetan: A Look from Basic Vocabulary. Alexander Lubotsky, Jos Schaeken and Jeroen Wiedenhof. Rodopi, pp.23, 2008, Evidence and counter-evidence: Festschrift F. Kortlandt. <halshs-00104311>

[8] Gong Xun (2015). How Old is the Chinese in Bái? Reexamining Sino-Bái under the Baxter-Sagart reconstruction （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Paper presented at the Recent Advances in Old Chinese Historical Phonology workshop, SOAS, London.

[Jacques-9] Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages^{[永久失效連結]}." Diachronica 28:468–498.

[10] Jacques & Michaud (2011), appendix p.7

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